Influence of Solar Intensity Variations and Tracking Mechanism on Photovoltaic Voltage Output

Abstract

The efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems is heavily influenced by variations in solar intensity and the implementation of tracking mechanisms. Changes in solar irradiance directly impact the voltage output of PV panels, affecting overall energy generation. The experimental setting examined how solar intensity and single-axis tracking affect PV solar system voltage generation. The system components include: PV panels, light dependent resistors (LDRS), relay modules activate tracking motors based on sensor feedback. Single-axis tracking mechanism, voltage sensors, and the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller processes sensor data and adjusts panel alignment. The tracking system included a sturdy frame and spinning mechanism. Real-time sunshine readings were used by the microcontroller to alter the panel and regulate movement. This study examined the combined effects of solar intensity variations and tracking mechanisms on PV voltage output. The findings revealed that advanced tracking technologies enhance solar energy utilization, making PV systems more effective for large-scale and off-grid applications The statistical analysis: t-test and ANOVA confirmed that tracking mechanism has significant enhancement on the PV voltage output. Further advancements in sensor technology, control algorithms, and panel materials will continue to drive improvements in solar power efficiency and sustainability.