Production of Medium-Grade Fuel from Pyrolysis of Teak Tree Leaves

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of selected process parameters (temperature and time) on bio-fuel yields during pyrolysis of teak tree leaves in a fixed bed reactor. The experiment was designed by applying optimal custom methodology through a two-categoric factor design using Design Expert 12.0.1.0 version software. The batch process was carried out at five levels of heating temperature of 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 ℃, for five levels of residence times of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes. The value of the product yields (bio-char, bio-oil, bio-gas) produced from teak tree leaves was determined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) statistic quantifies the proportion of the parameter variability that can be accounted for by the model. Other model equations were developed using the coefficient of determination R2, and an F-value determined their significance. Proximate analysis of teak tree leaves revealed moisture contents of 11.18%, volatile matter of 63.14%, ash content of 17.23%, and fixed carbon of 8.45%. Ultimate analysis showed carbon 41.60%, hydrogen 16.95%, nitrogen 10.58%, sulfur 0.13%, oxygen 30.74%, and higher heating values of 19.34 MJ/kg. Maximum bio-oil yields of 38.41wt% were achieved at 450°C for 25 minutes. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were 14.00, 25.40, and 23.40% respectively.