Integrated Cost Optimization Framework for Land Reclamation in Port Container Terminal Development

Abstract

Land reclamation is central to the development of modern port container terminals, yet it remains among the most capital-intensive and environmentally sensitive engineering activities. This study proposes an integrated cost optimization framework incorporating value engineering (VE), linear programming (LP), Monte Carlo simulation, and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to reduce total project costs while ensuring performance and environmental compliance. Case study data from Rotterdam (Netherlands), Kai Tak (Hong Kong), and Palm Jumeirah (UAE) are analyzed to construct a modular cost model that disaggregates material, labor, equipment, and environmental mitigation expenses. The results demonstrate that innovations such as automated dredging systems, use of recycled fill materials, and optimized resource scheduling can reduce reclamation costs by 12%–20% compared to conventional practices. This framework provides a replicable decision support system for engineers and planners seeking cost-efficient, sustainable port infrastructure solutions.