Environmental Air Pollution and its Impact on Respiratory Health in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Air pollution is a major environmental and public health challenge, particularly in oil-producing regions such as Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The presence of pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH₃), and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) poses a significant risk for respiratory conditions. This study investigates the relationship between ambient air pollution and respiratory health in Bayelsa State. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 428 adult residents across five local government areas (LGAs). Air quality measurements were obtained using standardized sensors, and respiratory health was assessed using Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) tests and structured questionnaires. Data analysis involved t-tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression to determine associations between pollutant exposure and respiratory conditions. Results: The mean concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, CO, PM2.5, and PM10 exceeded WHO and Federal Ministry of Environment (FMOEnv) permissible limits. Southern Ijaw and Yenagoa recorded the highest pollution levels. Respiratory conditions such as wheezing (25.7%), pneumonia (18.1%), asthma (11.6%), and COPD (11.0%) were prevalent. Poor lung function (low PEFR) was significantly associated with pollutant exposure (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The study confirms a strong link between air pollution and respiratory diseases in Bayelsa State. Urgent policy interventions are needed, including stricter emission controls, public health education, and improved healthcare access to mitigate pollution-related health risks.